Computing and Information Technology

The number of active components on a chip doubles every 18 months, so the hundreds of millions of personal computers around the world each have a power that makes a mainframe of just a few years ago look puny. Indeed, search engine giant Google forecasts that hand-held devices able to access all information stored on the planet will be available by 2020.

There were just 263 computers in the world in 1955, 6,000 in 1960 and 30,000 by the mid-1960s. The development of integrated circuits (chips) grew this figure to 250,000 by the mid-1970s and the subsequent explosion in the numbers of machines in use. The growth of the Internet has been phenomenal: 250,000 computers were connected in 1990, 6 million in 1995 and 72 million in 2000. Companies use it to market their goods and services – e-commerce – and most individuals and businesses now regard it as an essential tool. Complex machines and processes rely on IT to manage them effectively and it drives much of the world’s critical infrastructure.

There are 1.2 million IT practitioners in the UK, working in ICT companies and as specialists in other organisations, as well as 4 million managers and leaders who need to understand how to realise the potential of IT, and 21 million people who use IT in their day-to-day work. Employment in the IT industry is forecast to grow at five to eight times the UK average over the next ten years. For the IT professional workforce that means 180,000 new people for new and replacement jobs every year. Recent industry figures show that:

• 20 per cent of recruiters are having difficulty finding people with the right skills/qualifications/experience
• over half of IT professional vacancies are for system developers and system designers
• one in five of the IT workforce now holds a management role
• the demand for IT user skills is increasing, with 71 per cent of UK workers now using technology in their everyday jobs
• there are particular recruiting difficulties in systems design and development, and PC support
• average gross earnings of ICT staff are £640 per week, compared with £390 for all UK workers.
• The IT qualifications (ITQ) structure is based on the skills that employers define as essential for particular jobs. The target of e-skills UK (the IT and telecoms sector skills council) is to have 750,000 people studying for ITQs over the next three years, with results recorded on an e-skills passport so employers know the skills a member of staff has achieved.

Relatively few graduates enter this sector, and only 20 per cent of them are women. In the general workforce 90 per cent of new jobs require IT user skills. The sector plans to:

• make IT careers more attractive
• prepare the future workforce
• develop the existing workforce
• improve the existing infrastructure.

Although many companies and groups operate across the spectrum, the industry is usually described as divided into:

• computing services
• product suppliers
• hardware suppliers
• generic software makers
• specialist software makers
• systems integrators.

Computing and IT in the Services

Each Service has its ‘expert’ IT staff; they will know exactly who they are and where their particular skill set might lead. They are generally found in the specialist communications, administrative and electronics branches, although there may be some people serving outside those areas who have a considerable expertise. Others will have specialised in computing and/or electronics but only as part of their career pattern. They are still likely to have a number of very transferable and marketable skills, but they may need to be targeted in a particular area, or improved or widened in the period before leaving.

Computing and IT on leaving the Services

The Career Transition Partnership offers training courses in computing and IT with details available at the website www.ctp.org.uk. Preferred suppliers and other training providers also offer courses in this field. Service leavers should gain as much academic knowledge as possible while still serving that can be enhanced by practical training during the resettlement period. Knowledge can be developed through self-study, academic qualifications (perhaps using Standard and Enhanced Learning Credits – see ‘Factfile’) through a college, and an industry placement nearer discharge.

Getting qualified in computing and IT

Academic qualifications provide a thorough grounding in the principles that will be highly relevant for future training, although much of the detail will rapidly become out of date. There are also both generic and vendor-specific qualifications. Generic ones certify achievements in the general field of computing and IT, while vendor-specific ones demonstrate a level of expertise in one manufacturer’s products. Many people hold both and even a portfolio of qualifications in the products of different manufacturers. It is often important to be able to operate across boundaries and across equipment.

Generic qualifications include academic courses. Degrees (Foundation or higher), HNDs or HNCs, are all highly valued, with the theoretical knowledge involved always being relevant. Degrees tend to be in Computer Science, with HNDs and HNCs in Software Engineering. An A-level or GCSE in Computer Studies might be the academic starting point for the beginner.

NVQs (Levels 1 to 5) and Apprenticeships are available, based on sector-approved National Occupational Standards, but some employers may not be very familiar with them, and some other qualifications may be more useful. Vocational A-levels, as well as GNVQs, may also be taken – usually through colleges – and these can provide a job-orientated qualification with a strong academic element. The experience gained in acquiring these qualifications will be valuable in finding employment.

The Comp TIA runs a series of qualifications, which can stand alone at a relatively simple level or may form part of another generic or vendor-specific programme. They cover PC hardware, networking, servers, Internet, e-business, project management, training, Linux, security, home technology, document imaging and RFID (radio frequency identification).

The British Computer Society (BCS) has its own exam structure:

·the European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL),teaching studentsto use word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, databases, Internet and e-mail, and other important aspects of computers (now also developed into an advanced ECDL and one that concentrates on computer-aided design). Other user qualifications include

– E-Citizen qualifications that cover the basic use of e-mail and the Internet

– E-type to develop keyboard skills

– Equalskills for the absolute IT beginner

– IT qualifications to enable people to develop IT skills in the workplace

·ISEBqualifications, which provide industry-recognized qualifications that measure competence, ability and performance in many areas of IT

·BCS Professional Exams,which at their highest level take students to the academic level of a UK university honours degree and acknowledge practical experience and academic ability.

Vendor-specific qualifications are training and exams in a specific manufacturer’s products. The manufacturer should be a major supplier in the industry for its qualifications to have value, and the qualification that is so valuable today may be irrelevant tomorrow if the manufacturer goes out of business or there is a major change in technology. However, the principles will remain the same and any technology change is likely to be an evolution rather than a revolution, so that in reality qualifications do have greater value than simply during the shelf life of the product in question.

Microsoft qualifications are perhaps the best known, with the Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer consisting of a number of exam passes, any one of which entitles the individual to be a registered Microsoft Certified Professional. The Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator is also available, with its equivalent at the front end – programmes that interface with the user – being the Microsoft Certified Systems Developer.

Microsoft is not, however, the only manufacturer on the market, and other big players like Novell (Certified Novell Engineer and Certified Novell Administrator) and CISCO also have their own qualifications.

Training can be expensive, but employers like to see people investing in themselves, and the qualification may open doors to salaries that make the investment seem small.

Employment in computing and IT

Obtaining employment is inevitably a combination of:

• qualifications
• experience
• networking
• work placements
• the right CV
• going for the right job.

People entering similar employment to the one they had in the Forces may well start at the same level; those going into an unrelated field will probably start further down the ladder. Once into a company the employment possibilities are enormous in this expanding and changing industry. Permanent employment is often regarded as lasting three to five years, and people commonly change employer every two years or so. In-house training is often provided, and good people can achieve rapid promotion.

Salary expectations vary hugely from one company and contract to another. A relatively unskilled employee might earn from £12,000 to £18,000, a technician (engineer or analyst) £25,000 to £35,000, a manager (user, data, support), £35,000 to £45,000, and a head of services anything from £60,000 upwards.

Contact details

Computing Technology Industry Association, 1 Cornhill, London EC3V 3ND Tel: 020 7743 6150 Website: www.comptia.org

British Computer Society, 1st Floor, Block D, North Star House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1FA, Tel: 01793 417424 Website: www.bcs.org.uk

e-skills UK, 1 Castle Lane, London SW1E 6DR, Tel: 020 7963 8920 Website: www.e-skills.com